Which of the following is an abiotic injury source in turf management history questions?

• A. Age
• B. Irrigation regimen
• C. Annual fertility
• D. Disease signs

Answer: (B)

Abiotic injury comes from non-living factors that stress or damage turf. An irrigation regimen is a clear example because how you water directly affects the plant’s environment—underwatering causes drought stress, overwatering causes root oxygen loss and potential disease, and salt buildup from improper irrigation can injure roots and turf tissue. The other options involve living agents or factors tied to the plant’s age rather than non-living stresses: disease signs come from pathogens, age is a growth stage, and fertility refers to nutrient management (which can cause problems if misapplied, but the situation here best illustrates irrigation as an abiotic injury source).